[25] A diet with insufficient vitamin D in conjunction with inadequate sun exposure causes vitamin D deficiency. [170] The precursor of vitamin D3, 7-dehydrocholesterol is produced in relatively large quantities. [102] Although taking vitamin D supplements during pregnancy raises blood levels of vitamin D in the mother at term,[103] the full extent of benefits for the mother or baby is unclear. Wzór strukturalny witaminy D 3 (cholekalcyferolu) Witamina D (ATC: A 11 CC 05) – grupa rozpuszczalnych w tłuszczach steroidowych organicznych związków chemicznych, które wywierają wielostronne działanie fizjologiczne, przede wszystkim w gospodarce wapniowo-fosforanowej oraz utrzymywaniu prawidłowej struktury i funkcji kośćca. [160][161] The disorder can continue into adulthood. Several forms (vitamers) of vitamin D exist. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction (1) calcitriol + NADPH + H + + O 2 {\displaystyle … In 1935, the chemical structure of vitamin D3 was defined and shown to result from the ultraviolet irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol. 73:288-94, 2001. Cholecalciferol may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. [156], Calcitriol itself is auto-regulated in a negative feedback cycle, and is also affected by parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23, cytokines, calcium, and phosphate. Category:Vitamin D3. [62]:5 The tolerable upper intake level (UL) is defined as "the highest average daily intake of a nutrient that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects for nearly all persons in the general population. [150] One ng/mL is approximately equal to 2.5 nmol/L. [141][142], While some studies have found that vitamin D3 raises 25(OH)D blood levels faster and remains active in the body longer,[143][144] others contend that vitamin D2 sources are equally bioavailable and effective as D3 for raising and sustaining 25(OH)D.[133][145][146], Vitamin D content in typical foods is reduced variably by cooking. Vitamin D ili kalciferol je antirahitični vitamin, a često ga nazivaju i vitaminom sunca. Calcifediol, also known as calcidiol, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, or 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 (abbreviated 25(OH)D 3), is a prehormone that is produced in the liver by hydroxylation of vitamin D 3 (cholecalciferol) by the enzyme cholecalciferol 25-hydroxylase. Vitamin D adalah grup vitamin yang larut dalam lemak prohormon. D-vitamin är ett samlingsnamn på en grupp steroider som är vitaminer.Vitamin D 3 (kolekalciferol) finns hos djur och vitamin D 2 (ergocalciferol) finns hos växter. [175], In birds and fur-bearing mammals, fur or feathers block UV rays from reaching the skin. Health Canada published recommended dietary allowances (RDA) and tolerable upper intake levels for vitamin D in 2012[117] based on the Institute of Medicine report. VDR activation in the intestine, bone, kidney, and parathyroid gland cells leads to the maintenance of calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood (with the assistance of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin) and to the maintenance of bone content. Other possible agencies with claim guidance: Japan FOSHU[114] and Australia-New Zealand. Melanin, which protects skin from damage, also keeps it from making D3, which is why people with darker skin are more prone to deficiency. [153] Part of the controversy is because numerous studies have found differences in serum levels of 25(OH)D between ethnic groups; studies point to genetic as well as environmental reasons behind these variations. Interactive pathway map. [12] The modified oil cured the sick dogs, so McCollum concluded the factor in cod liver oil which cured rickets was distinct from vitamin A. Osteomalacia is usually present when 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are less than about 10 ng/mL. Ungewöhnliche sind aber die hohen Dosierung, insbesondere beim Vitamin D 3. D 3 supplements can be easily found for sale in most developed countries. La vitamine D est une vitamine liposoluble (soluble dans les lipides). [172], Adequate amounts of vitamin D can be produced with moderate sun exposure to the face, arms and legs (for those with the least melanin), averaging 5–30 minutes twice per week, or approximately 25% of the time for minimal sunburn. However, it was concluded that the available evidence was either inadequate or too contradictory to confirm the effectiveness of vitamin D on those conditions, save for the more positive findings on bone health. [78] It is unclear, however, if taking additional vitamin D in the diet or as supplements affects the risk of cancer. [74], Athletes who are vitamin D deficient are at an increased risk of stress fractures and/or major breaks, particularly those engaging in contact sports. The EFSA reviewed safe levels of intake in 2012,[120] setting the tolerable upper limit for adults at 100 μg/day (4000 IU), a similar conclusion as the IOM. [118] About a third of Australians have vitamin D deficiency. [13] High blood levels appear to be associated with a lower risk of death, but it is unclear if supplementation can result in this benefit. Vitamin D3 In Immunity: Recent studies suggest the importance of Vitamin D3 (Vit D3) in immunity. "[62]:403 Although ULs are believed to be safe, information on the long-term effects is incomplete and these levels of intake are not recommended for long-term consumption.[62]:403:433. Exposure to light through windows is insufficient because glass almost completely blocks UVB light. It was first discovered as the substance which could prevent and cure rickets. Alfred Fabian Hess stated: "Light equals vitamin D."[188] Adolf Windaus, at the University of Göttingen in Germany, received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1928 for his work on the constitution of sterols and their connection with vitamins. Some people may get all the vitamin D they need from their diet and the sun. 5 Chemical Vendors. Das heißt, Dein Körper muss sie erst umwandeln, um sie nutzen zu können. In sunny countries such as Nigeria, South Africa, and Bangladesh, where rickets occurs among older toddlers and children, it has been attributed to low dietary calcium intakes, which are characteristic of cereal-based diets with limited access to dairy products. Vitamin D3 ist eng mit dem weithin bekannten Vitamin D verwandt. [14] A 2019 meta-analysis found that a small increase in risk of stroke when calcium supplements were added to vitamin D.[201] Evidence as of 2013 is insufficient to determine whether vitamin D affects the risk of cancer.[202]. Vitamin D, in general, is a secosteroid generated in the skin when 7-dehydrocholesterol located there interacts with ultraviolet irradiation - like that commonly found in sunlight. Vitamine D is een groep van vet-oplosbare organische verbindingen die verantwoordelijk zijn voor de opname van calcium en fosfaat uit voeding, wat van groot belang is voor diverse biologische processen. Previtamin D 3 is an intermediate in the production of cholecalciferol (vitamin D 3). The NHS and Public Health England recommend that everyone, including pregnant and breastfeeding women, consider taking a daily supplement containing 10 µg (400 IU) of vitamin D during autumn and winter because of inadequate sunlight for vitamin D synthesis. Denn ganz gleich, ob es sich um eine erhöhte Infektanfälligkeit handelt, um Autoimmunkrankheiten, um degenerative Beschwerden oder um Probleme wie Diabetes, Bluthochdruck, Depressionen und Demenz, ein Vitamin-D-Mangel ist meist ursächlich am Geschehen mitbeteiligt. [157] After being commissioned by the Canadian and American governments, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) as of 30 November 2010[update], has increased the tolerable upper limit (UL) to 2,500 IU per day for ages 1–3 years, 3,000 IU per day for ages 4–8 years and 4,000 IU per day for ages 9–71+ years (including pregnant or lactating women). 2.3 X more weight loss in those who had low vitamin D levels and took some – Dec 2019. Souhrnně se také označují též jako kalciferoly. [93] One review found that vitamin D supplementation could reduce the need for steroids used to inhibit episode frequency in people with mild to moderate asthma, and that supplementation had no effect on day-to-day asthma symptoms. Fish do, especially oily ones, such as salmon, sardine and mackerel. La vitamina D está representada por dos compuestos liposolubles: vitamina D 3 (colecalciferol) y la vitamina D 2 (ergocalciferol). [42], Rickets was formerly a major public health problem among the US population; in Denver, where ultraviolet rays are about 20% stronger than at sea level on the same latitude,[44] almost two-thirds of 500 children had mild rickets in the late 1920s. [77] Associations have been shown in observational studies between low vitamin D levels and the risk of development of certain cancers. Cholecalciferol (auch Colecalciferol oder kurz Calciol; Vitamin D3 oder ungenau Vitamin D) ist die wichtigste physiologische Form des Vitamin D in allen nichtpflanzlichen Eukaryoten und so auch im Menschen. [92], Although tentative data link low levels of vitamin D to asthma, evidence to support a beneficial effect on asthmatics from supplementation is inconclusive. The conversion of calcifediol to calcitriol is catalyzed by the enzyme 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-hydroxylase, which is the product of the CYP27B1 human gene. [68] For older people with osteoporosis, taking vitamin D with calcium may help prevent hip fractures, but it also slightly increases the risk of stomach and kidney problems. Vitamin ini banyak ditemukan pada jeruk, stroberi, tomat, brokoli, dan sayuran hijau lainnya. Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. Primitive vertebrates in the ocean could absorb calcium from the ocean into their skeletons and eat plankton rich in vitamin D. Land vertebrates required another source of vitamin D other than plants for their calcified skeletons. Was Franz sagt, sagen viele andere auch. Men nyere forskning viser at vitamin D3 har større biologisk aktivitet. 3), Vitamin D3 is produced photochemically from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin of most vertebrate animals, including humans. Auch 30 Eier, 2000 g Champignons oder 4000g Gouda-Käse würden 2000IE entsprechen. Sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 8 based on the UVB spectrum decreases vitamin D synthetic capacity by 95%, and SPF 15 decreases it by 98%. As a hormone, Vitamin D does many things in the body. Das bedeutet, egal wie viel Vitamin D3 Sie einnehmen - die optimale Dosis, um von der vollen Wirkung von Vitamin K2 zu profitieren, bleibt immer gleich und liegt zwischen 100 bis 200 mcg pro Tag (siehe Angaben oben). It helps bones grow and form. Haldane, J.D. Vitamin-D overdose is impossible from UV exposure: the skin reaches an equilibrium where the vitamin degrades as fast as it is created. Vitamin D 3, however, appears to decrease the risk of death from cancer but concerns with the quality of the data exist. Vitamin D3 dihydroxylase; Identifiers; Organism: Symbol: CYP105A1: Alt. [203] This has caused a renewed interest of this potential in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. The activity of CYP27B1 is increased by parathyroid hormone, and also by low calcium or phosphate. [1][2][3], The major natural source of the vitamin is synthesis of cholecalciferol in the lower layers of skin epidermis through a chemical reaction that is dependent on sun exposure (specifically UVB radiation). [186][187] It was not initially realized that, unlike other vitamins, vitamin D can be synthesised by humans through exposure to UV light. [178], Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is produced industrially by exposing 7-dehydrocholesterol to UVB light, followed by purification. U lidí jsou nejdůležitějšími sloučeninami v této skupině vitamín D3 a vitamín D2. C Cholecalciferol‎ (17 F) Media in category "Vitamin D3" The following 23 files are in this category, out of 23 total. [179][133], Vitamin D is carried in the bloodstream to the liver, where it is converted into the prohormone calcifediol. [107] Pregnant women often do not take the recommended amount of vitamin D.[106], Weight loss – Though hypothesized that vitamin D supplementation may be an effective treatment for obesity apart from calorie restriction, one systematic review found no association of supplementation with body weight or fat mass. A vitamin D deficiency is a known cause of rickets. Suplimentarea cu vitamine este larg răspândită în ziua de azi. However, lower vitamin D concentrations are also associated with poor nutrition and spending less time outdoors. D 3 (also called cholecalciferol) is the kind produced by the body. [56] Vitamin D deficiency is common in Hispanic and African-Americans in the United States, with levels dropping significantly in the winter. Calcidiol to calcitriol CH3.svg 512 × 198; 22 KB. [60] Vitamin D supplements do not alter the outcomes for myocardial infarction, stroke or cerebrovascular disease, cancer, bone fractures or knee osteoarthritis. Osteoporosis can be a long-term effect of calcium and/or vitamin D insufficiency, at least in part. 2000 IE Vitamin D täglich aufnehmen, müsste man ca. Vitamin D ili kalciferol je antirahitični vitamin, a često ga nazivaju i vitaminom sunca. Und das wäre im Prinzip auch gar nicht so schwer. Reviews have described the evidence as being "inconsistent, inconclusive as to causality, and insufficient to inform nutritional requirements"[62] and "not sufficiently robust to draw conclusions". [199] In their 2020 update it was recognized that a growing body of research suggests that vitamin D might play some role in the prevention and treatment of types 1 and 2 diabetes, glucose intolerance, hypertension, multiple sclerosis, and other medical conditions. Mushrooms exposed to ultraviolet light contribute useful amounts of vitamin D.[1] Dietary recommendations typically assume that all of a person's vitamin D is taken by mouth, as sun exposure in the population is variable and recommendations about the amount of sun exposure that is safe are uncertain in view of the skin cancer risk. [83], In general, vitamin D functions to activate the innate and dampen the adaptive immune systems with antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. “Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 intake exceeding the lowest observed aderse effect level”. 7-Dehydrocholesterin wurde vom späteren Nobelpreisträger Adolf Windaus entdeckt. [31] Being deficient in vitamin D can cause intestinal absorption of dietary calcium to fall to 15%. Strong bones are a result of good vitamin D3 intake because it helps regulate and control the body’s ability to absorb phosphorus and calcium—two compounds that provide density and strength to the skeletal system and teeth. [126], Non-government organisations in Europe have made their own recommendations. [127] The European Menopause and Andropause Society recommends postmenopausal women consume 15 µg (600 IU) until age 70, and 20 µg (800 IU) from age 71. They are still typically less than 25 micrograms (1000 IU) per day, but up to 100 mcg (4000 IU) per day is considered safe. [62], Australia and New Zealand published nutrient reference values including guidelines for dietary vitamin D intake in 2005. Es hat im Körper die Funktion eines Prohormons und wird über eine Zwischenstufe zu dem Hormon Calcitriol umgewandelt. De twee belangrijkste vormen zijn vitamine D3 (de dierlijke vorm) en vitamine D2.De term vitamine D verwijst ook naar metabolieten en andere analoga van deze substanties. A chemical nomenclature for vitamin D forms was recommended in 1981[16] but alternative names remain in common use. [133] The United States Department of Agriculture reports D2 and D3 content combined in one value. In the 1930s, Windaus clarified further the chemical structure of vitamin D.[192], In 1923, American biochemist Harry Steenbock at the University of Wisconsin demonstrated that irradiation by ultraviolet light increased the vitamin D content of foods and other organic materials. Golongan vitamin inilah yang paling banyak ditemukan pada kulit manusia. Cholecalciferol is known as vitamin D 3.As early as 1870 people knew there was something in cod-liver oil that prevented rickets, a disease resulting in soft, deformed bones as a result of calcium deficiency. Hlavním přírodním zdrojem vitamínu je syntéza cholekalciferolu ve spodních vrstvách pokožky … A D-vitamin kifejezés két molekulára vonatkozik: az egyik az ergokalciferol (D 2-vitamin), a másik a kolekalciferol (D 3-vitamin). Ebenfalls zur Vitamin-D-Gruppe zählt Vitamin D2, auch Ergocalciferol genannt. American researchers Elmer McCollum and Marguerite Davis in 1914[12] discovered a substance in cod liver oil which later was called "vitamin A". [166][167] First, 7-dehydrocholesterol is photolyzed by ultraviolet light in a 6-electron conrotatory ring-opening electrocyclic reaction; the product is previtamin D3. It is activated by two protein enzyme hydroxylation steps, the first in the liver and the second in the kidneys. A „D-vitamin” valójában nem vitamin, hanem hormonszerű előanyag, amely hozzájárul az aktív D-hormon termelődéséhez a szervezetben. The German Society for Nutrition recommends 20 µg. [91] Vitamin D supplementation substantially reduces the rate of moderate or severe exacerbations of COPD in people with baseline 25(OH)D levels under 25nmol/L but not in those with less severe deficiency. By binding to vitamin D-binding protein, calcitriol is transported throughout the body, including to the classical target organs of intestine, kidney and bone. However, the skin will not make it unless enough ultraviolet light shines on it. Das Vitamin D3 ist auch aus deutscher Herstellung und laborgeprüft. Pada ginjal, vitamin D dikonversi menjadi bentuk aktif yang disebut 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. [162], A review published in 2015 noted that adverse effects have been reported only at 25(OH)D serum concentrations above 200 nmol/L. In addition, for products intended for infants, the FDA recommends the dropper hold no more than 400 IU. The synthesis of previtamin D 3 is blocked effectively by sunscreens. [2][181], Following the final converting step in the kidney, calcitriol is released into the circulation. This means that any portion not used immediately is stored in fat tissue for future use. Exposure to sunlight for extended periods of time does not normally cause vitamin D toxicity. [76][124] A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at Reference Daily Intake. Calcifediol also has mineralizing properties. Vitamin D eksisterer i flere forskjellige typer, men de to mest kjente er ergokalsiferol (vitamin D2) og kolekalsiferol (vitamin D3). [204] Two other meta-analyses of around 40 studies have shown that the risk of infection was higher in those with vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D3, also known as cholecalciferol, is generally considered a better form because it is the form your body produces when it is exposed to sunlight. [17] The binding of calcitriol to the VDR allows the VDR to act as a transcription factor that modulates the gene expression of transport proteins (such as TRPV6 and calbindin), which are involved in calcium absorption in the intestine. Nanoemulsion vitamin D is again found to be the best liquid form (for rats in this case) – June 2019. [20], Rickets, a childhood disease, is characterized by impeded growth and soft, weak, deformed long bones that bend and bow under their weight as children start to walk. [106] Vitamin D supplementation is also likely to reduce the risk of gestational diabetes, undersized babies[105] and of their poor rate of growth. [69] A study found that supplementation with 800 IU or more daily, in those older than 65 years was "somewhat favorable in the prevention of hip fracture and non-vertebral fracture". [20], One of the most important roles of vitamin D is to maintain skeletal calcium balance by promoting calcium absorption in the intestines, promoting bone resorption by increasing osteoclast number, maintaining calcium and phosphate levels for bone formation, and allowing proper functioning of parathyroid hormone to maintain serum calcium levels. ", "Vitamin D intake: a global perspective of current status", "Efficacy of fish intake on vitamin D status: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "Identification of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a form of vitamin D3 metabolically active in the intestine", "The discovery of vitamin D: the contribution of Adolf Windaus", "IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN): Nomenclature of vitamin D. Recommendations 1981", "Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease", "The biology and pathology of vitamin D control in bone", "Vitamin D deficiency in Europe: pandemic? Disse ble tidligere antatt å ha samme biologiske effekt. Mushrooms grown in full sunlight tend to have more. Vitamin D eksisterer i flere forskjellige typer, men de to mest kjente er ergokalsiferol (vitamin D2) og kolekalsiferol (vitamin D3). The treatment of vitamin D deficiency is to take vitamin D supplements and increase the amount of time spent in the sun, without getting sunburnt.. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, FDA takes Vitamin D drugs and feeds them to prisoners, https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_D&oldid=7384321, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. [64] Both an excess and a deficiency in vitamin D appear to cause abnormal functioning and premature aging. The dietary reference intakes for vitamin D are chosen with a margin of safety and 'overshoot' the targeted serum value to ensure the specified levels of intake achieve the desired serum 25(OH)D levels in almost all persons. [20] When not deficient, an individual usually absorbs between 60 and 80%. 2 Names and Identifiers Expand this section. The threshold for vitamin D toxicity has not been established; however, according to some research, the tolerable upper intake level (UL) is 4,000 IU/day for ages 9–71[156] (100 µg/day), while other research concludes that, in healthy adults, sustained intake of more than 50,000 IU/day (1250 μg) can produce overt toxicity after several months and can increase serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels to 150 ng/mL and greater. The other thing was, is that this was given rather late, remember that the Vitamin D3 has to be metabolized in the liver to the 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and that can take some time as well. D3 supplements can be easily found for sale in most developed countries. [21], The VDR regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. D2 (also called ergocalciferol) is produced by fungi. [207] The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) does not recommend to offer a vitamin D supplement to people solely to prevent or treat COVID‑19. [168], The conversion from ergosterol to vitamin D2 follows a similar procedure, forming previtamin D2 by photolysis, which isomerizes to vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). An einem sonnigen Sommertag reicht etwa eine Viertelstunde Sonnenbestrahlung auf Gesicht, Hände und Unterarme, um mehrere … [181], The activity of calcifediol and calcitriol can be reduced by hydroxylation at position 24 by vitamin D3 24-hydroxylase, forming secalciferol and calcitetrol, respectively. It is similar to D3, but not exactly the same. In some countries, staple foods are artificially fortified with vitamin D.[129]. [133] The vitamin D2 content in mushrooms and Cladina arbuscula, a lichen, increase with exposure to ultraviolet light,[131][134] and is emulated by industrial ultraviolet lamps for fortification. K 2 is both a tissue and bacterial product (derived from vitamin K 1 in both cases) and is usually found in animal products or fermented foods. ", "Meat consumption reduces the risk of nutritional rickets and osteomalacia", "Cell Biology and Cancer Curriculum Supplement", "Previous milk consumption is associated with greater bone density in young women", "High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health", "Does vitamin D supplementation alleviate chronic nonspecific musculoskeletal pain? [29][157] Those with certain medical conditions, such as primary hyperparathyroidism,[158] are far more sensitive to vitamin D and develop hypercalcemia in response to any increase in vitamin D nutrition, while maternal hypercalcemia during pregnancy may increase fetal sensitivity to effects of vitamin D and lead to a syndrome of mental retardation and facial deformities. 7-Dehydrocholesterol reacts with UVB light at wavelengths of 290–315 nm. By the expiration of his patent in 1945, rickets had been all but eliminated in the US. Vitamin D deficiency has been shown to potentially increase the risk of severe respiratory infections. Diese Speicherform (Halbwertszeit etwa 19 Tage) hilft die großen Schwankungen der Vitamin D-Produktion bei An- … [15], Vitamin D2 was chemically characterized in 1931. [182] Once made, the product is released into the plasma, where it is bound to an α-globulin carrier protein named the vitamin D-binding protein. D3 is made in the skin from cholesterol, and changed into a more active form by the liver. Iz povijesnih se razloga svrstava među vitamine iako se po većini obilježja radi o hormonu (steroidna struktura). [3] Metabolites produced by vitamin D2 are sometimes named with an er- or ergo prefix to differentiate them from the D3-based counterparts.[16]. Research on vitamin D supplements, including large-scale clinical trials, is continuing. [1], Some preliminary studies link low vitamin D levels with disease later in life. As sunlight contains ultraviolet light, getting enough sun is one way of getting enough D3. Souhrnně se také označují též jako kalciferoly. Vitamin D dikenal juga dengan nama kalsiferol. [30], Osteomalacia is a disease in adults that results from vitamin D deficiency. [71][72] Low serum vitamin D levels have been associated with falls, and low bone mineral density. Cholecalciferol, also known as vitamin D 3 and colecalciferol, is a type of vitamin D which is made by the skin when exposed to sunlight; it is also found in some foods and can be taken as a dietary supplement. [84][85] Deficiency has been linked to increased risk or severity of viral infections, including HIV[86][87] and COVID-19. Die Einnahme von Vitamin D ist eine hervorragende präventive, aber auch therapeutische Massnahme. This page was last changed on 17 February 2021, at 10:11. Circulating calcifediol may then be converted into calcitriol, the biologically active form of vitamin D, in the kidneys. This then undergoes spontaneous isomerization into cholecalciferol, the prohormone of the active form of vitamin D, calcitriol. Disse ble tidligere antatt å ha samme biologiske effekt. [212], This article is about the family of D-“vitamins”. Media in category "Vitamin D3" The following 23 files are in this category, out of 23 total. [21] Thus, vitamin D is also critical for bone remodeling through its role as a potent stimulator of bone resorption. [13] Another meta-analysis covering over 350,000 people concluded that vitamin D supplementation in unselected community-dwelling individuals does not reduce skeletal (total fracture) or non-skeletal outcomes (myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, stroke, cerebrovascular disease, cancer) by more than 15%, and that further research trials with similar design are unlikely to change these conclusions. It controls the levels of calcium ions and phosphates in the blood, as well as calcium and magnesium absorption in the intestines. Vitamin D without a subscript refers to either D2 or D3, or both, and is known collectively as calciferol. Di dalam tubuh, vitamin ini banyak berperan dalam pembentukkan struktur tulang dan gigi yang baik. Serum 25(OH)D levels above 50 ng/mL (125 nmol/L) may be cause for concern. Subcategories. These two vitamin D metabolites (called 25-hydroxyvitamin D or 25(OH)D) are measured in serum to determine a person's vitamin D status. Without fat, the animal will have a hard time absorbing vitamin D 2 and vitamin D 3 and the lower the fat percentage, the greater the risk of vitamin deficiency, which is true in some athletes who strive to get as lean as possible. It is produced in the LIVER and is the best indicator of the body's vitamin D stores. (made from 7‑dehydrocholesterol in the skin). Vitamin D ist eigentlich gar kein Vitamin, sondern ein Hormon. Vitamin D also affects the immune system, and VDRs are expressed in several white blood cells, including monocytes and activated T and B cells. Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium. One thousand micrograms per day in infants has produced toxicity within one month. It is hard to know how much supplemental Vitamin D, if any, is needed. De twee belangrijkste vormen zijn vitamine D3 (de dierlijke vorm) en vitamine D2.De term vitamine D verwijst ook naar metabolieten en andere analoga van deze substanties. Vitamin D3 24-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.15.16, CYP24A1) is an enzyme with systematic name calcitriol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (24-hydroxylating). [63] Members of the IOM panel maintain that they used a "standard procedure for dietary recommendations" and that the report is solidly based on the data. [58][59] A 2013 review did not find any effect from supplementation on the rates of non-skeletal disease, other than a tentative decrease in mortality in the elderly. [26], Vitamin D deficiency is found worldwide in the elderly and remains common in children and adults.

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