The Atlantic Ocean, separating Europe from America by thousands of miles, offers relatively obvious Western limits. In 1792, in France, the theory of natural frontiers was invoked for geopolitical ends to justify external conquests in the Hainaut region of Belgium, and, in the south-east, the County of Nice and Savoy. An examination of the geophysical inland features of the European oecumene is relatively straightforward : the northern half of the European territory is essentially covered with plains : Germano-Polish, Ukrainian, and Russian. The Northern limits are also sharply drawn, with the glacial Arctic Ocean separating the north of Europe from America. From “hydrofrontiers” to the principle of linearity. The maritime nature of the European isthmus at the heart of geopolitics. Firstly, the range has never been a political boundary. Narvik enjoys the influence of the Gulf Stream, the warm marine current that occurs in the North Atlantic and that ensures that the European coastline remains navigable all year round as far as the North Cape and even the Barents Sea, while many ports in the north of the Baltic remain icebound for months each year. Finally, in the aftermath of World War II, other water courses became symbols of peace between European nations : these are the Oder and the Neisse. In fact, the tallest mountain in Europe is in Kazakhstan and is called Khan Tengri, standing 22,999 feet high, some 4,500 feet higher than the next tallest, Mount Elbrus in Russia. Gérard-François Dumont, Professor at Paris-Sorbonne University ; Pierre Verluise, Director of Diploweb.com. After crossing the latter, the Rhine almost constantly separates Germany firstly from Switzerland, then from France. The cluster of European peninsulas effectively produce a ratio between length of coastline and surface area that is, on this scale, the highest in the world. To maintain the communication system meant raising funds. Russia’s strength, he argued, lay in having population and wealth in the western part of the country, and a vast Eastern space, offering resources and, above all, a strategic depth that consequently guaranteed a fall-back capability (smartly used against Bonaparte), a place to relocate industries and the impossibility of being totally invaded. In 2000 the population was 857 million, using a definition which includes the whole of the transcontinental countries of Russia and Turkey. As for the insular entities, they fall into two ensembles. © Diploweb (sauf mentions contraires) | ISSN 2111-4307 | Déclaration CNIL N°854004 | Droits de reproduction et de diffusion réservés. An arc of uplands also exists along the northwestern seaboard, beginning in southwestern Ireland, continuing across through western and northern Great Britain, and up along the mountainous, fjord-cut spine of Norway. Population growth is comparatively slow, and median age comparatively high in relation to the world's other continents. Eastward, mainland Europe widens much like the mouth of a funnel, until the boundary with Asia is reached at the Ural Mountains and Ural River, the Caspian Sea, and the Caucasus Mountains. It owes its existence to WWII, during which the German border was pushed back to the west of the Oder-Neisse line, whereas pre-war Germany held almost the whole of Silesia, around half of Pomerania, part of Eastern Brandenburg and a small area of Saxony. His goal at the time was for Moscow to be considered as a European city, for two reasons : firstly, to legitimate the strategy of alliance with resource-rich Western powers – notably military – liable to modernise the Empire ; secondly, to legitimate a series of military victories against the Turks and the Tatars. A house can be a geographical space, as well as the city in which it is located, or the valley in which the city was built, or the entire mountain range of which said valley is part. Apart from drainage divides, other geographical characteristics influence state boundaries in Europe, with ocean-going rivers and lakes forming “hydrofrontiers”. In terms of shape, Europe is a collection of connected peninsulas and nearby islands. Europe extends from the island nation of Iceland in the west to the Ural Mountains of Russia in the east. Skip to main content Accessibility help We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Industrial Policy and Geographical Distribution play an important role in ESA procurements. In the Indian Ocean, France too has southern hemisphere territories that are a major asset for controlling the ocean and have strategic value for their current and future scientific interest. So understanding the geography of Europ… 1- A Singular Geographical Space I. The theory postulates that Eurasia is the “pivot” of the world, where balance is struck and lost, and where lie the resources, the economic growth and the secular confrontations that have been the makings of history. This undoubtedly explains why, as from the 2nd century AD, the centre of the Empire tended to shift towards the Eastern Mediterranean basin, where the Greek language prevailed, because the Asian province made up of Syria and Egypt was at the time more densely populated than Italy or Sicily. Western Europe and parts of Central Europe generally fall into the temperate maritime climate (Cfb), the southern part is mostly a Mediterranean climate (mostly Csa, smaller area with Csb), the north-central part and east into central Russia is mostly a humid continental climate (Dfb) and the northern part of the continent is a subarctic climate (Dfc). More exactly, he located it in European Russia, as distinct from Siberia (Lenaland). Europe's eastern frontier is delineated by the Ural Mountains in Russia. Such is the diversity of Europe’s geopolitical presence worldwide that two types of territories have been identified : the eight territories that form an integral part of the European Union (EU), referred to as “Outermost Regions” (OMR), and the others. The end of the Roman Empire was accompanied by a significant decline in population that smashed economic growth and reduced trade, while insecurity at sea resurfaced. On January 31 Danton justified the French borders in these terms in an address to the Convention : In this way, the whole territory is covered, including the British islands and the seas that are located around the continent. At the same time, it allows us to know the industrial, agricultural or livestockaspect, through w… Is Europe a continent ? The population of the City of Brussels is ~175,000. Finally, the southern limits are also relatively obvious, as the Mediterranean Sea separates Europe from Africa. One is, at least, entitled to consider that the EU has delivered a clear answer to the question of its boundaries as the adjective “European” features in Article 49 (formerly Article 49 TUE) of the consolidated version of the Treaty on the EU : “Any European State which respects the values referred to in Article 2 [respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, the rule of law, human rights, etc.] In Central Europe, where Poland’s Eastern and Western frontiers have been subject to numerous vicissitudes, the country’s southern border with the Czech Republic and Slovakia follows the Carpathians and the Sudetes that form a natural border. (see map) Horizontal Width: 1,339 miles (2,154 km) from London, England, east to Kiev, Ukraine (see map) The Geopolitics of Europe. Mentions légales. The peri-continental islands fall into two groups : northern and Mediterranean. Physiographically, it is the northwestern peninsula of the larger landmass known as Eurasia (or the larger Afro-Eurasia); Asia occupies the eastern bulk of this continuous landmass and all share a common continental shelf. The western boundary is the Atlantic Ocean. The boundaries of our Republic must be there. Yet are Europe and Asia, which form the Eurasian continent, sufficiently well distinguished from each other by their geographical characteristics to each have a specific geographical identity ? Land relief in Europe shows great variation within relatively small areas. The southern regions are mountainous while moving north the terrain descends from the high Alps, Pyrenees, and Carpathians, through hilly uplands, into broad, low northern plains, which are vast in the east. This led to repeated overseas conflicts between European powers, but also initiatives to solve the issues, notably the Berlin Conference (1884-1885) involving fourteen countries, and the Entente cordiale signed by France and the United Kingdom in 1904. Conversely, it could become a maritime power. The Massif Central, the Alps, and the Carpathians lie in the continental part ; the mountains of Spain, the Italian Apennines, and the Dinaric Alps lie in Europe’s peninsulas ; and the Pyrenees are “isthmic” in nature, stretching from the Mediterranean to the nearest point on the Gulf of Gascony. One of the consequences of this defeat was the end of Norwegian neutrality, the country becoming a founder member of NATO. These islands are effectively a geophysical part of the Australian continent as there is no break in the continental crust in either the Bass Strait or the Sea of Arafura. Though a critical analysis of MacKinder’s thinking does not lead one to conclude that the heartland enjoys systematic supremacy, his theory does confirm the role of geography in conflicts. The heartland could not be accessed by maritime powers, because its strategic depth and self-sufficiency made any blockade strategy unworkable. It only has one significant mountain range, that of Scandinavia. geographical and historical materialism, the first to explain the changing spatiality of the l Many of the ideas presented here are developed further in Roger Friedland and Deirdre Boden, "Nowhere: Space, Time and Modernity," in our edited book by the same title (Berkeley: University of … In France, the Loire marks part of the limit between the Burgundy and Centre regions, while a section of the Rhône separates Languedoc-Roussillon from Provence. Centuries later, other European territories also cashed in on seaboard advantage for geopolitical purposes. This, however, is too vague to be sufficient. ». The geology of Europe is hugely varied and complex, and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent, from the Scottish Highlands to the rolling plains of Hungary. Finally, the Mediterranean group has three large Tyrrhenian islands (Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily) and its satellites include, from west to east, Alborán, the Balearic Islands, Pantelleria, Malta and Gozo, Crete and Cyprus, as well as the Dalmatian and Aegean archipelagos. Brussels is considered to be the largest city of Belgium, according to the population of the Brussels-Capital Region. It is customary to invoke the Urals as the dividing line between Europe and Asia ; but how well grounded is this assertion ? However, the Mediterranean was also a source of issues in health, the economy and politics. In the extreme northern part (northernmost Russia; Svalbard), bordering the Arctic Ocean, is tundra climate (Et). Is the geopolitical structure of Europe, with the current breakdown into 44 States, the result of Europe’s geographical characteristics ? This is further explained by the fact that the great Germano-Polish plain offers little in the way of natural frontiers. Many lie in or close to strategic points. Here geophysics comes to the rescue of geographical knowledge and the judicious geographer will think like a physician, acknowledging that continents are only the main continental crust landmasses of the lithosphere plates ; i.e. A geopolitical study of Europe reveals the existence of different geographical scales depending, for example, on whether or not we include Russia or the OMR. Geographical linear features represent either boundaries or elongated geographical regions. Also, through it, we get more knowledge of some aspects of nature because knowing a space’s environment, we can determine what species of flora and fauna exist in the place. Downstream from the Slovakian capital, it provides part of the border between Slovakia and Hungary. Based on the conducted analyses it can be concluded that the study of hyperlinks may be useful in understanding the relationships between geographical space and cyberspace. In the Balkan peninsula, part of the downstream section of the Maritsa River provides a border between Greece and Turkey. or. Geographic Center: The geographic center of Europe is difficult to determine because of the continent's ambiguous borders. To geographers, a space is a general, objective location or area. This leaves us with a number of other territories the status of which can legitimately be queried, namely Australia, Greenland and even Madagascar. Natural border theory is based on the idea that international borders should comply with natural logic, following draining divides or water courses that provide a clear way of tracing the lines separating nations. In mountainous areas where borders broadly lie along draining divides, geopolitics is based on physical geography, examples being the Franco-Spanish, Franco-Italian and Swedish-Norwegian borders. As mastery of navigational techniques progressed, the maritime parameters of the European isthmus became essential aspects of European geopolitics that started to leave a global footprint as from the end of the 15th century. While some geographical ensembles such as America are easy to distinguish, insofar as they are almost unquestionably bounded by seas, this cannot be said for the geographical perimeter of the territories referred to as “Europe”. Is Europe a continent ? Notably, the maritime nature of the European isthmus offers important and enviable potential, while giving ideas about possibilities beyond the seas. If we turn our attention to France’s south-east border, one of the Treaties of Utrecht, that of 1713, set the limits between two states, Savoy and France, as being “where the water flowed [eastward or westward] “from the top of the Alps” : a rule that still applies. The boundary continues to the Caspian Sea, the crest of the Caucasus Mountains (or, less commonly, the river Kura in the Caucasus), and on to the Black Sea. PDF. In the second half of the 20th century European colonies gained independence, but the legacy of Europe’s maritime expansion subsists on a large scale. Geographical Map of Eastern Europe Geography also has its various branches, but the two main branches are physical geography and human geography. Europe is traditionally defined as one of seven continents. As from the first days of April 1940, and though Norway was, at the time a neutral state, Nazi Germany invaded the country to ensure control of the supply line of Swedish iron from the mines at Kiruna (Swedish Lapland) to Narvik, with its direct access to the Norwegian Sea and navigability throughout winter. 2 – Europe from Division to Reunification (1947-2004). The term European Economic Community (EEC) applies to all the territories belonging to the member nations of this community from 1957 to 1992. Overseas territories that are dependent on EU member countries are referred to as Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT). The southeast boundary with Asia is not universally defined, but the modern definition is generally the Ural River or, less commonly, the Emba River. Sacral heritage in cultural and geographical trans-boundary space of Europe. Iceland, though on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and nearer to Greenland (North America) than Mainland Europe, is generally included in Europe for cultural reasons and because it is over twice as close to mainland Europe as mainland North America. In the 15th century, this small country, independent since 1143, prioritised this geographical asset to embark on a substantial maritime expansion, mastering two technologies : transport and communication. Our planet’s five continents are consequently : Africa, America, Antarctica, Australia and Eurasia. Europe is the second-smallest continent.The name Europe, or Europa, is believed to be of Greek origin, as it is the name of a princess in Greek mythology.

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