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09
2021

insulin resistance in obesity: an overview of fundamental alterations

Insulin sensitive tissues, including adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver, are profoundly affected by obesity both at biomolecular and functional levels. Adipose tissue function and plasticity orchestrate nutritional adaptation. PubMed Central  AN is a factor which can be used in metabolic risk factor clustering estimation in childhood obesity. Another approach to understanding the link between obesity and insulin resistance (IR) has focused on differences in regional fat distribution. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Nat Med. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1350:82–94. Cinnamon: Potential Role in the Prevention of Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 323(1):20–34. -. Am J Clin Nutr 95(4):825–836. 2015 Sep;1350:82-94 https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2010.235, Article  Diabetes 54(2):311–321, Chen M, Porte D Jr (1976) The effect of rate and dose of glucose infusion on the acute insulin response in man. Diabetes 42(12):1868–1877, Williams KJ, Wu X (2016) Imbalanced insulin action in chronic over nutrition: Clinical harm, molecular mechanisms, and a way forward. Insulin sensitive tissues, including adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver, are profoundly affected by obesity both at biomolecular and functional levels. Privacy, Help Skeletal muscle insulin resistance: role of mitochondria and other ROS sources. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2009.12.011, Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Minokoshi Y, Ito Y, Waki H, Uchida S, Yamashita S, Noda M, Kita S, Ueki K, Eto K, Akanuma Y, Froguel P, Foufelle F, Ferre P, Carling D, Kimura S, Nagai R, Kahn BB, Kadowaki T (2002) Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Eat Weight Disord 23(2): 149-157. Atherosclerosis 247:225–282. Nat Commun 4:1829. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2852, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy, Rocco Barazzoni & Gianluca Gortan Cappellari, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste (ASUITS), Trieste, Italy, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Centre for Study and Research on Obesity, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129, Milan, Italy, You can also search for this author in Altmetric Badge. Clin Biochem Rev 26(2):19–39, PubMed  This article is part of the topical collection on Italian Society of Obesity’s Reviews. Diabetes 64(2):393–404. Nutrients. Endocrinology 148(1):293–299. Nature 500(7464):585–588. Diabetes 57(4):987–994. Obesity is a major cause of insulin resistance and contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes. J Lipid Res 54(9):2423–2436. INSULIN RESISTANCE IN OBESITY – An overview of fundamental alterations Rocco Barazzonia*, Gianluca Gortan Cappellaria, Maurizio Ragnib, Enzo Nisolib* aDepartment of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences – University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy and Science 336(6086):1262–1267. https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-16-0425, Weiner J, Kranz M, Kloting N, Kunath A, Steinhoff K, Rijntjes E, Kohrle J, Zeisig V, Hankir M, Gebhardt C, Deuther-Conrad W, Heiker JT, Kralisch S, Stumvoll M, Bluher M, Sabri O, Hesse S, Brust P, Tonjes A, Krause K (2016) Thyroid hormone status defines brown adipose tissue activity and browning of white adipose tissues in mice. Insulin resistance in obesity: an overview of fundamental alterations; Italiano. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00745.2006, Marseglia L, Manti S, D’Angelo G, Nicotera A, Parisi E, Di Rosa G, Gitto E, Arrigo T (2014) Oxidative stress in obesity: a critical component in human diseases. Furthermore, loss of endothelial FTO prevented the development of obesity-induced hypertension by preserving myogenic tone in resistance arteries. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI28570, Boden G (2011) Obesity, insulin resistance and free fatty acids. volume 23, pages149–157(2018)Cite this article. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e32834ad8b6, Paolisso G, Gambardella A, Tagliamonte MR, Saccomanno F, Salvatore T, Gualdiero P, D’Onofrio MV, Howard BV (1996) Does free fatty acid infusion impair insulin action also through an increase in oxidative stress? https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2013.240, Le Chatelier E, Nielsen T, Qin J, Prifti E, Hildebrand F, Falony G, Almeida M, Arumugam M, Batto JM, Kennedy S, Leonard P, Li J, Burgdorf K, Grarup N, Jorgensen T, Brandslund I, Nielsen HB, Juncker AS, Bertalan M, Levenez F, Pons N, Rasmussen S, Sunagawa S, Tap J, Tims S, Zoetendal EG, Brunak S, Clement K, Dore J, Kleerebezem M, Kristiansen K, Renault P, Sicheritz-Ponten T, de Vos WM, Zucker JD, Raes J, Hansen T, Bork P, Wang J, Ehrlich SD, Pedersen O (2013) Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Careers. https://doi.org/10.1089/met.2016.0135, Weyer C, Foley JE, Bogardus C, Tataranni PA, Pratley RE (2000) Enlarged subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size, but not obesity itself, predicts type II diabetes independent of insulin resistance. J Endocrinol 232(2):351–362. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2007.10.015, Anderson EJ, Lustig ME, Boyle KE, Woodlief TL, Kane DA, Lin CT, Price JW 3rd, Kang L, Rabinovitch PS, Szeto HH, Houmard JA, Cortright RN, Wasserman DH, Neufer PD (2009) Mitochondrial H2O2 emission and cellular redox state link excess fat intake to insulin resistance in both rodents and humans. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2010.214, Takamura T, Misu H, Matsuzawa-Nagata N, Sakurai M, Ota T, Shimizu A, Kurita S, Takeshita Y, Ando H, Honda M, Kaneko S (2008) Obesity upregulates genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation in livers of diabetic patients. Eat Weight Disord 23, 149–157 (2018). Nature 500(7464):541–546. 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Insulin resistance (IR) is fundamental to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and is present in most prediabetic (preDM) individuals. Several commercial products were noted but the words insulin, insulin resistance or hyper insulinemia were no where to be seen. eCollection 2021. COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. Diabetologia 39(6):621–631, Barazzoni R, Gortan Cappellari G, Semolic A, Ius M, Dore F, Giacca M, Zanetti M, Vinci P, Guarnieri G (2017) Intravenous lipid infusion and total plasma fatty acids positively modulate plasma acylated ghrelin in vivo. Altered adipose organ function may play a fundamental pathogenetic role once fat accumulation has ensued. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 42(6):1168–1175. J Clin Invest 116(10):2791–2798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2016.12.013, Pepping JK, Freeman LR, Gupta S, Keller JN, Bruce-Keller AJ (2013) NOX2 deficiency attenuates markers of adiposopathy and brain injury induced by high-fat diet. 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Obesity has become a global public health burden ().As a worldwide growing epidemic, obesity raises the need for better tools to monitor this disease adequately and enable better strategies for early prevention and detection of underlying metabolomic changes, especially because obesity is associated with insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (). Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI117899, Kern PA, Di Gregorio GB, Lu T, Rassouli N, Ranganathan G (2003) Adiponectin expression from human adipose tissue: relation to obesity, insulin resistance, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression. Contemporary biomedicine. 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Modulation of insulin sensitivity appears to be, at least in part, related to changes in redox balance and oxidative stress as well as inflammation, with a relevant underlying role for mitochondrial dysfunction that may exacerbate these alterations. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2021 Jan 23;57(2):100. doi: 10.3390/medicina57020100. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M038638, Giordano A, Smorlesi A, Frontini A, Barbatelli G, Cinti S (2014) White, brown and pink adipocytes: the extraordinary plasticity of the adipose organ. 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About this Attention Score In the top 25% of all research outputs scored by Altmetric. Obesity (Silver Spring) 16(12):2601–2609. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12863, Bondia-Pons I, Ryan L, Martinez JA (2012) Oxidative stress and inflammation interactions in human obesity. PubMed  Diabetes 55(Suppl 2):S9-S15. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Obesity is associated with chronic low‐grade inflammation of the adipose tissue (AT) that might develop into systemic inflammation, insulin resistance (IR) and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in severe obese rodents and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(13):7996–8001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-015-1310-2, Jans A, Konings E, Goossens GH, Bouwman FG, Moors CC, Boekschoten MV, Afman LA, Muller M, Mariman EC, Blaak EE (2012) PUFAs acutely affect triacylglycerol-derived skeletal muscle fatty acid uptake and increase postprandial insulin sensitivity. 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Metabolic remodelling in obesity and type 2 diabetes: pathological or protective mechanisms in response to nutrient excess? Since IFG is less frequent than IGT there is a need for performing OGTT to demonstrate abnormality of glucoregulation in obese children. Eat Weight Disord. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 293(2):E576-586. Insulin resistance in obesity: an overview of fundamental alterations. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI118160, Boden G, Jadali F, White J, Liang Y, Mozzoli M, Chen X, Coleman E, Smith C (1991) Effects of fat on insulin-stimulated carbohydrate metabolism in normal men. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00456.x, Article  https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00455.2010, Morino K, Petersen KF, Shulman GI (2006) Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance in humans and their potential links with mitochondrial dysfunction. 2017 Apr;233(1):R15-R42. 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The altered expression of genes involved in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) has been regarded as a key change in insulin‐sensitive organs of patients with type 2 diabetes. Bethesda, MD 20894, Copyright Among possible causes of obesity-induced meta- Ramalingam L, Menikdiwela K, LeMieux M, Dufour JM, Kaur G, Kalupahana N, Moustaid-Moussa N. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. There is a crosstalk between the two isoforms of JNK (JNK1 and JNK2) that contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance development. PLoS One 6(10):e26224. 2021 Feb 5;13(2):519. doi: 10.3390/nu13020519. PubMed Central  Int J Mol Sci 16(1):378–400. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644, Hocking S, Samocha-Bonet D, Milner KL, Greenfield JR, Chisholm DJ (2013) Adiposity and insulin resistance in humans: the role of the different tissue and cellular lipid depots. Nat Rev Drug Discov 15(6):405–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0481-6, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0481-6, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes is manifested by decreased insulin-stimulated glucose transport and metabolism in adipocytes and skeletal muscle and by impaired suppression of hepatic glucose output . https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12506, Tahrani AA, Bailey CJ, Del Prato S, Barnett AH (2011) Management of type 2 diabetes: new and future developments in treatment. Obesity is a major health risk factor, and obesity-induced morbidity and complications account for huge costs for affected individuals, families, healthcare systems, and society at large. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1445-8, Cani PD (2014) Metabolism in 2013: the gut microbiota manages host metabolism. Correspondence to N Engl J Med 371(23):2237–2238. 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Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 14(6):535–541. It will conclude by highlighting some of the emerging therapeutic options available for the treatment of MetS-relatedconditionsthatspeci callytargetareductionin centralsympatheticactivity. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.002, Barazzoni R, Gortan Cappellari G, Palus S, Vinci P, Ruozi G, Zanetti M, Semolic A, Ebner N, von Heahling S, Sinagra G, Giacca M, Springer J (2017) Acylated ghrelin treatment normalizes skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity and AKT phosphorylation in rat chronic heart failure. Altered adipose … FOIA Adv Exp Med Biol. - 158.69.125.204. Article  https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-1396, Mootha VK, Lindgren CM, Eriksson KF, Subramanian A, Sihag S, Lehar J, Puigserver P, Carlsson E, Ridderstrale M, Laurila E, Houstis N, Daly MJ, Patterson N, Mesirov JP, Golub TR, Tamayo P, Spiegelman B, Lander ES, Hirschhorn JN, Altshuler D, Groop LC (2003) PGC-1alpha-responsive genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation are coordinately downregulated in human diabetes. J Biol Chem 280(11):10290–10297. Insulin resistance has both heritable and environmental determinants centered on energy storage and metabolism. Rather than insulin resistance being a paradigm of ‘internal starvation’, it should really be considered a paradigm of overflow. Here we assessed early alterations in AT biology and function by comprehensive experimental and clinical characterization of 171 AT samples from lean and obese children aged 0 to 18 years. Inflammation; Insulin resistance; Obesity; Oxidative stress. (2015) provided evidence that obesity and insulin resistance are involved to inflammation, adipokine dyshomeostasis, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, all of them being mechanisms that favor neurodegeneration. 2. Nat Genet 34(3):267–273. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0b013e3283444b09, Boden G, Chen X (1995) Effects of fat on glucose uptake and utilization in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Part of Springer Nature. Barazzoni R, Zanetti M, Gortan Cappellari G, Semolic A, Boschelle M, Codarin E, Pirulli A, Cattin L, Guarnieri G (2012) Fatty acids acutely enhance insulin-induced oxidative stress and cause insulin resistance by increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and nuclear factor-kappaB inhibitor (IkappaB)-nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB) activation in rat muscle, in the absence of mitochondrial dysfunction. Obesity is a major health risk factor, and obesity-induced morbidity and complications account for huge costs for affected individuals, families, healthcare systems, and society at large. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001250051560, Eldor R, DeFronzo RA, Abdul-Ghani M (2013) In vivo actions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion. Endocr Rev 34(4):463–500. The Journal of Insulin Resistance is a peer-reviewed, clinically oriented journal covering advances in disorders of insulin resistance. In particular, it has been argued that abdominal obesity, specifically an increase in visceral fat volume, is the fundamental culprit responsible for IR and associated abnormalities. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. Rocco Barazzoni or Enzo Nisoli. Childhood obesity is associated with reduced insulin sensitivity, which persists into adulthood causing type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 116(7):1793–1801. © 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Authors declared no personal or financial conflicts of interest. Accessed 19 Jan 2018, Pataky Z, Bobbioni-Harsch E, Golay A (2010) Open questions about metabolically normal obesity. Sci Rep 6:38124. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep38124, Ramage LE, Akyol M, Fletcher AM, Forsythe J, Nixon M, Carter RN, van Beek EJ, Morton NM, Walker BR, Stimson RH (2016) Glucocorticoids acutely increase brown adipose tissue activity in humans, revealing species-specific differences in UCP-1 regulation. Diabetologia 55(3):773–782. 2018 Apr;23(2):149-157. doi: 10.1007/s40519-018-0481-6. CONCLUSION: Children with obesity form a risk population. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 18(2):139–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60408-4, Shulman GI (2014) Ectopic fat in insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and cardiometabolic disease. This review aims at providing an overview of these concepts and their potential inter-relationships in the development of insulin resistance, with particular regard to changes in adipose organ and skeletal muscle. New findings also connect insulin resistance to extensive … Diabetes 64(7):2346–2351. a decreased responsiveness to the metabolic actions of insulin in AT, muscle, liver, and endothelial and immune cells , . Barazzoni R, Cappellari GG, Ragni M, Nisoli E (2018) Insulin resistance in obesity: An overview of fundamental alterations.

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